As the seasons change, so do the risks facing household pets. From sweltering summer heat to icy winter sidewalks, cats and dogs depend on their owners to anticipate hazards and protect their health. Veterinarians say the key is preparation — and a willingness to adjust routines to keep animals comfortable and safe in any weather.

Summer Heat Can Turn Deadly

In summer, the most pressing danger for pets is heat-related illness. Dogs, especially breeds with short muzzles such as pugs and bulldogs, are at increased risk for heatstroke because they cannot cool themselves efficiently. Cats, too, can suffer from dehydration or heat exhaustion, particularly indoor cats without adequate ventilation or access to cool spaces.

“Every year we see cases of heatstroke that could have been prevented,” said Dr. Elena Matthews, a veterinarian in Phoenix. “Never leave pets in a parked car — even for a few minutes. On a 90-degree day, the inside temperature can top 120 degrees in less than 10 minutes.”

Matthews advises walking dogs in early morning or late evening hours to avoid hot pavement, which can burn paw pads. Owners can test surfaces by pressing the back of their hand to the ground for five seconds; if it’s too hot for a hand, it’s too hot for paws. Access to fresh, cool water is essential, and some pets benefit from cooling mats or damp towels in shaded areas.

Fall Hazards Often Overlooked

When cooler weather arrives, pet owners sometimes relax their vigilance — but autumn presents its own dangers. Rodenticides, often used in the fall, are highly toxic to cats and dogs. Fallen leaves and yard debris can harbor mold or bacteria, and certain decorative plants, such as chrysanthemums, can cause gastrointestinal upset or worse if ingested.

“Fall is also a time when we see more wildlife activity,” said Matthews. “Pets can be exposed to fleas, ticks and even rabies through encounters with wild animals preparing for winter.” She recommends keeping pets up to date on vaccinations and parasite preventives year-round.

Winter Brings Cold-Weather Risks

Winter can be especially harsh for pets that spend time outdoors. Hypothermia and frostbite threaten dogs and cats just as they do humans. Short-haired breeds and elderly animals are particularly vulnerable. While sweaters and coats can help dogs retain body heat, Matthews cautions that clothing should fit properly and not restrict movement.

“Salt and chemical de-icers used on sidewalks can burn paw pads or cause illness if licked off,” she said. Wiping paws with a damp cloth after walks can prevent irritation and accidental ingestion. Antifreeze is another winter hazard; even a small amount can be fatal to pets, and its sweet taste can lure curious animals.

Indoor cats may become less active in winter, leading to weight gain. Interactive play and climbing structures can help maintain physical and mental stimulation during long indoor months.

Springtime Brings Renewed Dangers

As flowers bloom and temperatures rise, spring can tempt owners to spend more time outdoors with their pets. However, many common garden plants — including lilies, azaleas and tulips — are toxic to cats and dogs. Fertilizers and pesticides can also pose risks if ingested.

“All it takes is a dog licking its paws after walking through a treated lawn,” Matthews said. “Even small exposures can cause gastrointestinal distress, and some chemicals can lead to organ damage.”

Allergies are another springtime concern. Pets can develop seasonal allergies to pollen, manifesting as excessive scratching, licking or ear infections. Veterinarians can recommend antihistamines or other treatments to keep symptoms under control.

Year-Round Vigilance Matters

While seasonal hazards vary, experts stress that awareness and quick action are crucial in any emergency. Learning to recognize early signs of distress — such as excessive panting, lethargy, shivering or vomiting — can make the difference between a close call and a tragedy.

Pet owners should keep contact information for a local veterinarian and an emergency animal hospital on hand, along with knowledge of basic first aid for pets. And as Matthews notes, prevention is always preferable to treatment.

“Your cat or dog can’t tell you when something’s wrong,” she said. “It’s up to you to know the dangers of the season and make the changes that will keep them safe.”

Whether it’s providing shade in summer, wiping paws in winter or keeping harmful plants out of reach in spring and fall, small adjustments can safeguard pets throughout the year. For most owners, those changes are a small price to pay for the companionship and joy that cats and dogs bring to daily life.

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This article was created, in part, utilizing AI tools.